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采样肠细菌的新方法

By LabMedica International staff writers
Posted on 14 Jul 2014
科学家制定了一种收集唾液样本和大便样本的新预案,用于基因组分析和转录组分析,它无需专门的人员和设施,同时使样本保存完好。

这套预案可以揭示消化道微生物组的基因结构,让我们更深入了解与乳糜泻、口腔癌、牙周炎和肥胖相关的细菌,这项技术将使纵向研究和不受地域限制的大规模采集研究成为可能。

美国马萨诸塞州剑桥市福塞斯研究所的科学家与其它单位的同行开展了一项先驱性的人类微生物组研究,研究对象是预先选取的表现型良好的人群,用自己收集的样本获得了身体多个部位的分类学数据、元基因组学数据和元转录组学数据。八名男性受试者提供了他们自己收集的大便样本和唾液样本,用于元基因组和元转录组鸟枪测序。

为评估样本处理方法对测定的影响,研究人员将每份大便样本分成三等份:一份新鲜冷冻的对照样本,一份用乙醇固定的样本,一份用凯杰公司(Valencia, CA, USA)的RNAlater固定的样本。他们从“医疗工作者随访研究”的参与者中选取63名男性,他们代表着西式饮食与谨慎饮食两个极端,给他们提供工具包,以便在家自己收集唾液和大便。然后用Illumina公司(San Diego, CA, USA)的HiSeq测序所有基于DNA的样本,每份DNA样本在一条测序通道上运行,每份核糖核酸(RNA)、互补DNA (cDNA)样本在一对测序通道上运行。

科学家发现,不同采样方法得到的同一受试者的微生物种类、基因和转录物丰度高度一致,只有一小部分转录物小于5%,表现出不同方法的差异。科研小组研究了口腔菌群和肠道菌群之间的关系,发现一部分主要口腔细菌常常成功迁移到肠,但在肠道里的转录活性很低。对肠道元基因组和元转录组的系统比较显示,多达41%的微生物转录物未根据其基因组丰度而得到相应调控。

该研究的论文发表于2014年5月19日的《美国国家科学院院报》(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, PNAS)。论文合著者之一Jacques Izard博士说:“这套预案为将来的大规模研究创造了机会,我们对此振奋不已。由于这些测序技术和计算工具的灵敏度正在提高,因此能检测到微小变化。我们的联合小组证明,我们有把握分析自主收集的样本,为将来发现生物标记物奠定基础。”

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